

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Context, coarticulation effects and undershoot in vowel transcription
المؤلف:
John Ingram and Peter Mühlhäusler
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
790-43
2024-05-06
1190
Context, coarticulation effects and undershoot in vowel transcription
Consistent with the view that vowel sounds are interpreted by the ear as contextually coherent linguistic targets, the decision was taken to represent familiar-sounding vowels and diphthongs as they were perceived/heard in whole-word citation forms. The ear always evaluates speech sounds in context and automatically compensates for coarticulation effects and articulatory undershoot, hearing the intended target, rather than the ‘underachieved’ peak in the attained formant trajectory.
For example, in the Norfuk vowel cluster (describable as a diphthong followed by a short vowel or as a triphthong) of the word fire, the second element is perceived as a high front vowel [i] or [ɪ]. But if one attends only to the central region of the vowel cluster, isolated from context, this segment has the auditory quality of a low or mid-low front or central vowel [æ] - [ə]. Clearly, this is a case of articulatory undershoot of the off-glide target of the diphthong. Our speech perception mechanism automatically compensates for articulatory undershoot when listening to the vowel in whole-word context. In so doing, tacit phonetic and phonological knowledge of the listener is applied to the perception of the auditory stimulus. A more stable percept is achieved by judging vowel quality in whole word contexts, but at the possible cost of undue contamination of phonetic judgements by phonological expectations from the listener’s native language.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
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قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)