

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The Flint recordings
المؤلف:
John Ingram and Peter Mühlhäusler
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
788-43
2024-05-04
1247
The Flint recordings
The 17 tape recorded dialogues were obtained under conditions stimulating customary Norfuk usage, i.e. two or sometimes more informants, with no interviewer present, engaged in a semi-spontaneous conversation on topics that would be expected to elicit Norfuk vernacular usage. The dialogues were partly scripted, but largely spontaneous. The conversations obtained were, for the most part, natural sounding, expressive, and seemingly unselfconscious.
Flint produced two transcriptions of each dialogue with the assistance of the informants, directly following the recording session: an H(igh register) form, English translation, and a broad phonetic transcription of the actual speech in the Norfuk L(ow register) form. The phonetic transcription was obviously allophonic, rather than phonemic, but it was informed by Flint’s extensive knowledge of Norfolk Island and Pitcairn vernaculars.
Some analysis of the material had been undertaken and reported previously (Flint 1961), and we made use of this in selecting the materials on which the present paper is based. Flint was interested in the relative impact upon intelligibility, of phonological, lexical and syntactic features of the Norfuk Vernacular for English listeners. He employed a linguist, with considerable experience transcribing English contact vernaculars, but not specifically with Pitcairn or Norfuk, to attempt an utterance-by-utterance English translation, under controlled listening conditions. In this way an intelligibility score for each of the 17 dialogues was obtained. There was considerable variation in the intelligibility scores, reflecting a complex of factors, one of which was the ‘depth’ of Norfuk usage sustained by the participants in a given dialogue.
For the present analysis, we selected the dialogue with the lowest intelligibility rating for detailed phonetic analysis, in order to obtain the ‘broadest’ or most authentic samples of Norfuk vernacular, with least contamination by code-switching or interference from the standard English or H variety. The two speakers were a 60+-year-old male and a 60+ female. The dialogue provided approximately 500 words for each speaker. The dialogue was originally recorded on a reel-to-reel tape recorder and subsequently dubbed onto a gramophone recording (LP 33rpm) by Flint. The gramophone recording was digitized for the present analysis. The dialogue may be accessed on the accompanying CD-ROM.
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