

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Phonotactics
المؤلف:
Geoff P. Smith
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
724-40
2024-04-29
1511
Phonotactics
As in English, word final /h/ and word initial /ŋ/ are not permitted. There is some variation with regard to syllable structure, especially with respect to consonant clusters. In many Austronesian languages, consonant clusters are not permitted, and this general pattern may have influenced Tok Pisin in its formative period, and still affects that used by speakers of Austronesian languages today. Generally, too, it can be assumed that the more Anglicized the variety, the greater the tendency to allow clusters of two or three consonants according to English patterns. However, little research has been done on this. The best source of information is still Pawley (1975) who looked in detail at the question of epenthetic vowels in the Tok Pisin of an informant from Rabaul. His analysis is limited to this single informant, but highlights some of the problems of deciding on whether the underlying representation is phonemic or not.
A number of possibilities are presented by Pawley’s (1975) data. It may be that the underlying representation is a consonant cluster, with epenthetic vowels variably inserted in certain environments. An alternative interpretation would treat the vowels as phonemic, but elided in certain circumstances. His informant, for example, inserted considerably fewer epenthetic vowels in rapid speech, so one factor is simply speed of delivery. Some of the apparent constraints governing selection of epenthetic vowels are discussed below. Pawley tends towards treating the vowels as transitional features in consonant clusters, especially as some Papua New Guinean languages show such features in “loose” consonant cluster systems. Nevertheless, it appears that some elements which are phonemic vowels in the English source lexis have been reanalyzed as epenthetic in Tok Pisin. A good example is the possessive bilong from the English belong which is normally reduced in speech to blong, blo or even criticized as bl’ to following words as in bl’em (= bilong em) ‘his, her’.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)