

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

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Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

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Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


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Verbs


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Adverbs


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Quantitative adjective

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Pronouns

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Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


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Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

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Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

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Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

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Assessment
Stress
المؤلف:
Geoff P. Smith
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
722-40
2024-04-29
1376
Stress
Wurm (1985) gives an account of stress patterns based on his experience of the rural pidgin spoken in the Eastern Highlands in the late 1950s and 1960s. He notes that there is considerable variability, with stress patterns more closely resembling those of English among speakers more familiar with English. In general, he notes that stress is normally on the first syllable. In some cases, there may be a non-stressed epenthetic vowel, and occasionally this may be re-interpreted by some speakers as a phonemic vowel and given stress. Some words do have stress on other than initial syllables, for example, the following stressed on the second syllable: orait ‘all right, then’, singaut ‘shout, call out’, sekan ‘shake hands’, sanap ‘stand up’ etc. Wurm notes that stress patterns are the basis for the patterns of intonation.
There is the possibility that different stress may disambiguate certain word pairs, although little work seems to have been done on this. Possible candidates would be the pairs 'nating ‘nothing’ and na'ting ‘I think, probably’, and 'palai ‘lizard’ and pa'lai ‘fly’, although I do not have definite evidence to show that this distinction is consistently made.
In the Tok Pisin of first language speakers and fluent second language speakers who use the language as a primary vehicle of communication, considerable reduction of stressed syllables can be observed (Smith 2002). Extreme samples of speech such as the following were encountered among young people:

One effect is the cliticisation of certain words such as long ‘in; on; at’ and bilong (possessive), especially when preceding vowels:

Cliticisation of aspect particles save (sa) ‘habitual’ and laik (la) ‘about to’ also appears to be in progress. Reduction can often be quite drastic, for example, the three-syllable utterance tso l’ sla taim recorded in the Highlands represents tasol long dispela taim ‘but at this time’ (maximally of seven syllables).
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)