

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Offglides
المؤلف:
David Bradley
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
650-36
2024-04-24
1127
Offglides
There is considerable variation in the presence and prominence of offglides in the formerly mainly rhotic word classes NEAR, CURE, SQUARE, CLOTH. The main regional characteristic here is the very frequent presence of long monophthongal forms for NEAR and CURE vowels in Sydney. Monophthongs are very much less frequent elsewhere other than preconsonantally within a word as in years or toured. In addition, they are prevalent when prelateral in certain frequently-occurring polysyllabic words such as really. Monophthongs for NEAR in Melbourne range from three to 18 per cent of tokens overall, showing strong social and smaller gender and stylistic differences: working class speakers, males and casual style use more monophthongisation. Monophthongs represent 0 to 17 per cent of final and 10 to 35 per cent of preconsonantal NEAR tokens, again with a strong social difference, but also a substantial gender and style difference.
Monophthongal forms of SQUARE and CLOTH words are by contrast extremely frequent throughout Australia, with environmental constraints; a following consonant within the word favors a monophthong, parallel to NEAR and CURE. Conversely, strong stress and final position permit a virtually disyllabic realization, [ɪjз] for NEAR, [(j)ʊwз] for CURE, [εjз] for SQUARE, and [ɔwз] for CLOTH words without final consonant such as paw or pore (or for that matter poor; in Australian English many CURE words without a preceding /j/ glide have merged into the CLOTH class, and even those with the glide also vary between [jʊwз] and [jɔ] realizations). Table 6 (Bradley and Bradley 1979: 78) shows the pattern of monophthongisation for the NEAR vowel in Melbourne among tertiary-age students, favoring the offglide in isolation and also showing differences between speakers based on the type of secondary school attended, reflecting social differences. In the sample, there were no female students who had attended technical secondary schools.

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