

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Sound change in progress
المؤلف:
Elizabeth Gordon and Margaret Maclagan
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
610-34
2024-04-20
1125
Sound change in progress
Many of the phonemes are currently undergoing change in NZE. The post-vocalic /r/ that is still heard in Southland, for example, is decreasing markedly in frequency. Some older rural males, for example, still use it over 80% of the time, but most younger urban speakers use it only after the NURSE vowel and no more than 20% of the time. As post-vocalic /r/ has decreased in most contexts in Southland, urban speakers have increased their use of a rhotic NURSE vowel, so that it may be becoming a mark of Southland identity. These patterns are demonstrated in the audio clips from the three Southland speakers, described above. The /M/ ~ /w/ distinction that is still maintained by some speakers in Southland has almost disappeared elsewhere. Older women from higher social classes now use it less than 50% of the time in reading tasks and less still in conversation. The most salient class markers, the closing diphthongs FACE, PRICE, MOUTH and GOAT, have changed slightly over time, but the relative differences between Cultivated and Broad pronunciations have been maintained. Younger speakers, however, both male and female, are leading in the move to pronounce the second element of MOUTH as [ə] rather than a [ʊ] or [ʉ].
We will consider the vowel changes that are currently taking place in NZE followed by the consonantal changes. Most of the information comes from analyses of the Canterbury Corpus, an archive held at the University of Canterbury which consists of over 350 recordings of speakers chosen so that there are approximately equal numbers of younger (20–30 years) and older (45–60 years) speakers, of upper and lower social class speakers and of men and women. Each speaker reads a word list designed to emphasize features of NZE and engages in 30 minutes of casual conversation with a student interviewer.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)