

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

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To be verbs

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Modal verbs

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Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

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Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

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Semantics

pragmatics

History

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Grammar

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Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Underspecified vowels
المؤلف:
Hubert Devonish and Otelemate G. Harry
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
455-27
2024-04-05
1211
Underspecified vowels
In words with an initial non-prominent syllable possessing a vowel in the environment /s/ _ Nasal Consonant, the vowel may predictably be either /i/ or /u/ depending on the phonological effects of the environment. In these words, the vowel is specified for the feature [high]. It is not, however, specified for the feature [back]. The reason is that the [back] feature, giving rise to /u/, in contrast to /i/, is predictable from the phonological environment. The [back] feature assigned to the vowel comes from the immediate environment. It may be assigned from the immediately following nasal when this is bilabial, i.e. /m/. The underspecified vowel derives its [back] feature here through the transfer of labiality, since back vowels in JamC are labial, i.e. produced with lip rounding. Otherwise, the back feature may be derived from the vowel of the immediately following syllable when such a vowel itself has the feature [back]. These items are all lexically specified as having an initial /sV/ sequence where V stands for the underspecified vowel, i.e. specified for [high] but not for [back] as demonstrated by the examples in the first two columns below.

Cassidy and Le Page (1980: lxii) note that the initial syllables in examples such as those above may be produced as a syllabic
. Meade (1995: 33) refers to Akers (1981) as making a similar observation. We would argue that this is a case of the underspecified vowel in the /sV/ sequence becoming optionally devoiced under the influence of the preceding voiceless fricative, producing phonetically [s] and a voiceless vowel, i.e.
or
. These forms are phonetically indistinguishable from the syllabic form,
proposed by Cassidy and Le Page.
and
are merely optional forms of
when the following consonant is a sonorant, as represented in the third column of the table. Where the following consonant is a voiceless stop, as in /sVp/, /sVt/ and /sVk/,
and
are the only possible manifestations of the underspecified vowel in an entirely voiceless environment. In such sequences, the underspecified vowel is obligatorily devoiced.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)