

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

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Semantics

pragmatics

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Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

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Reading Comprehension

Elementary

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Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Consonants R
المؤلف:
Matthew J. Gordon
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
288-16
2024-03-18
1226
Consonants R
One of the most salient stereotypes of New York City speech is r-lessness. The pattern resembles that heard in eastern New England as well as in southern England. Non-prevocalic /r/ is vocalized, yielding pronunciations such as
here and [kaət] cart. Word final /r/ is pronounced when the following word begins with a vowel (e.g.,
here in). Also, non-etymological, “intrusive” /r/ may appear and is especially common in idea and law.
The non-rhotic status of the New York accent was noted by the Linguistic Atlas researchers and other early observers. R-lessness was characteristic of New Yorkers of all social levels through roughly the first half of the twentieth century. At some point, however, non-rhotic speech became stigmatized, and r-fulness appeared in the speech of many New Yorkers. By the time of Labov’s study in the mid-1960s, /r/ had become a strong class marker with r-lessness being more common among the lower and working classes. Today, /r/ continues to divide New Yorkers along class lines though the trend toward rhoticity appears to be progressing.
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