

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The main tool of transcription: the IPA alphabet
المؤلف:
Richard Ogden
المصدر:
An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
21-3
10-6-2022
1382
The main tool of transcription: the IPA alphabet
The commonest tool for phonetic transcription is the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association. A little confusingly, both the Association and the Alphabet are commonly known as ‘the IPA’, a practice maintained here. The Alphabet is approved by the Association; amendments are made to it regularly on the basis of practical experience and scientific advice. For this reason, phonetics textbooks from different years contain slightly different versions of the Alphabet. (In particular, over the years there have been substantial changes to the number of vowels the IPA represents.)
‘Alphabet’ is perhaps also not the best way to refer to the IPA. The letters of the alphabet, {A, B, C …}, occur in a random order, with vowels scattered among consonants, and the consonants not grouped according to any linguistic principle. The IPA, however, is a set of tables containing symbols organized into rows and columns which are labelled with terms that have agreed meanings.
The rows of the Consonant chart groups sounds according to manner of articulation. The first row contains plosives:
. The rows below have sounds with progressively more open stricture. The columns organize symbols by place of articulation, with the leftmost column containing symbols that stand for bilabial sounds, and sub - sequent columns containing symbols for sounds made progressively further down the vocal tract, so that the rightmost column contains symbols for glottal sounds.
The symbols of the IPA are presented in a number of tables, the main ones being pulmonic egressive consonants and vowels. The other tables contain non-pulmonic consonants, diacritics (small marks that combine with letter symbols to represent sounds not on the chart, as we have already seen) and suprasegmentals, aspects of sound which relate to things like length, phrasing, intonation and so on. There is also a collection of ‘other symbols’, which stand for sounds that do not easily fit in the main scheme.
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قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
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