Vowel STRUT

According to my own and Wood’s data (1987: 122), for L2 speakers typically [a] ~ [ɐ] , for L1 speakers more consistently [ɐ] (sporadically also [Λ]). According to Wood, STRUT-lowering is not obviously stigmatized. STRUT is typically realized as [ɒ] before /l/ (as also Wood 1987: 128). In the subset ONE (comprising (-)one, once), realizations vary between L2 [a] and L1 [ɐ , ɒ].