The polyomaviruses (Table 1) are small, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that have been isolated from many species, including humans. The first human viruses included the JC and BK viruses, named with the initials of the patients from whom the viruses were first isolated. Infection with these viruses usually occurs during childhood and has little clinical significance. These viral infections include latent states in the kidney and B lymphocytes and can result in symptomatic reactivation during periods of immune suppression.

Table1. Polyomaviruses

Immunocompromised individuals almost always present with the pathologic effects of infections caused by the JC and BK viruses. JC virus reactivates, resulting in disease in the CNS; BK virus causes a hemorrhagic cystitis. Recently other viruses in this family have been discovered, including the KI virus, MC virus, and WU virus. Both the KI and WU viruses were detected independently through the use of molecular methods and in clinical specimens of respiratory secretions and stool specimens. The pathogenicity and prevalence of these viruses is not yet known. The MC virus, which causes Merkel cell carcinoma, is associated with a high percentage of tumors and has also been detected in respiratory specimens. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, millions of people were inadvertently exposed to a simian polyoma virus (SV40) as a result of administration of SV40 contaminated Salk polio vaccine. This virus has been shown to induce tumors in animals in the research laboratory and has since been periodically associated with several human tumors.

Laboratory detection of the JC virus is completed using PCR on CSF samples or electron microscopy of brain tissue. BK virus is detected using PCR or cytologic examination of urine. Because these are infrequent infections, testing is most likely to be referred to a reference laboratory.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Picornaviruses

Parvoviruses

Paramyxoviruses

Properties of Paramyxoviruses

Influenza Virus Replication

Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift

Structure and Function of Neuraminidase

Complications of COVID-19

Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Modes of Transmission SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Papillomaviruses

Arenaviruses