Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
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Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
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Teaching Methods
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Assessment
FOCUS
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P113
2025-08-23
40
+
-
20
FOCUS
An account of the way in which some items of information in a text are easier to retrieve or recall than others. For example, readers appear to accord different levels of attention to main characters in a novel than to subsidiary ones. The set of currently focused items appears to be revised when an episode in a narrative comes to an end. Characters specifically associated with the episode become defocused, and references to them are more difficult to resolve.
A distinction can also be made between items in explicit focus, which have been mentioned in a text and foregrounded by the reader, and items in implicit focus, which may not have been specifically mentioned but are ‘givens’ associated with those that have been. If a house is in explicit focus, its constituent parts (rooms, walls, roof) are in implicit focus. This explains how readers make bridging inferences which link sentences such as: I looked around the house. The kitchen was very spacious.
Focus is an important concept in accounting for anaphor resolution, especially in listening. A reader can, if necessary, look back at an earlier part of the text to resolve a problematic anaphor (she, it, the incident I mentioned earlier). That option is not open to a listener. Accurate listening appears to be heavily dependent upon the extent to which an individual carries forward a set of items and concepts which are foregrounded in the current discourse.
See also: Inference, Meaning construction
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
