Born: 1235 in Majorca, Spain
Died: 1316 in (probably) Tunis, Tunisia

Ramon Llull was brought up at the royal court of Majorca. There he learnt Arabic from the Moorish population. Llull left Majorca in about 1265 after he experienced mystical visions of Christ on the Cross. He then undertook missionary work in North Africa and Asia Minor where he taught the pacifist doctrines on St Francis of Assisi.

Llull's main work is the Ars magna (1305-08), comprising of a number of treatises including The Tree of Knowledge and The Book of the Ascent and Descent of the Intellect. This work was inspired by another mystical experience related in [1]:-

About 1272, after another mystical experience on Majorca's Mount Randa in which Llull related seeing the whole universe reflecting the divine attributes, he conceived of reducing all knowledge to first principles and determining their convergent point of unity.

Llull used logic and mechanical methods involving symbolic notation and combinatorial diagrams to relate all forms of knowledge. This work makes him a precursor of combinatorics and this aspect is fully discussed in [3].

It is unclear exactly how Llull died. In [1] it is related that:-

... according to legend, Llull was stoned in North Africa at Bejaia (Bougie) or Tunis and died a martyr at sea before reaching Majorca, where he was buried.

Llull's reduction of Christianity to rational discussion, in which he attempted to prove the dogmas of the Church by logical argument, did not find favour after his death. In 1376 Pope Gregory XI charged Llull with confusing faith with reason and condemned his teachings. The Roman Catholic Church did however pardon Llull more quickly than Galileo, since he was venerated in the 19^th century.

1. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
   http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048651/Ramon-Llull

Books:

1. M Gardner, Logic Machines and Diagrams (2nd ed., 1982).

Articles:

1. J Fauvel and R J Wilson, The Lull before the storm : Combinatorics and religion in the Renaissance, Bulletin of the ICA 11 (1994), 49-58.
2. J R Welch, Notes on the mathematical thought of Ramon Llull (Spanish), Theoria (San Sebastián) (2) 4 (11) (1989), 451-459.

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